Using media queries
Содержание:
- Media Query Syntax
- CSS Tutorial
- More Examples
- Media Features
- Что такое медиа-запрос?
- Syntax
- CSS Tutorial
- CSS Syntax
- Media Queries Simple Examples
- CSS @media Reference
- CSS Media Queries — More Examples
- CSS Advanced
- References
- Media Query Syntax
- Abstract
- CSS Advanced
- Ориентир на настольные ПК и max-width
- Media Queries For Menus
- Media Queries Simple Examples
- CSS @media Reference
- CSS Advanced
- Min Width to Max Width
- CSS Advanced
- CSS Tutorial
Media Query Syntax
A media query consists of a media type and can contain one or more
expressions, which resolve to either true or false.
@media not|only mediatype and (expressions) { CSS-Code;}
The result of the query is
true if the specified media type matches the type of device the document is
being displayed on and all expressions in the media query are true. When a media query is true, the corresponding style sheet or style rules are
applied, following the normal cascading rules.
Unless you use the not or only operators, the media type is optional and the
type will be implied.
You can also have different stylesheets for different media:
<link rel=»stylesheet» media=»mediatype and|not|only (expressions)»
href=»print.css»>
CSS Tutorial
CSS HOMECSS IntroductionCSS SyntaxCSS SelectorsCSS How ToCSS CommentsCSS Colors
Colors
RGB
HEX
HSL
CSS Backgrounds
Background Color
Background Image
Background Repeat
Background Attachment
Background Shorthand
CSS Borders
Borders
Border Width
Border Color
Border Sides
Border Shorthand
Rounded Borders
CSS Margins
Margins
Margin Collapse
CSS PaddingCSS Height/WidthCSS Box ModelCSS Outline
Outline
Outline Width
Outline Color
Outline Shorthand
Outline Offset
CSS Text
Text Color
Text Alignment
Text Decoration
Text Transformation
Text Spacing
Text Shadow
CSS Fonts
Font Family
Font Web Safe
Font Fallbacks
Font Style
Font Size
Font Google
Font Pairings
Font Shorthand
CSS IconsCSS LinksCSS ListsCSS Tables
Table Borders
Table Size
Table Alignment
Table Style
Table Responsive
CSS DisplayCSS Max-widthCSS PositionCSS OverflowCSS Float
Float
Clear
Float Examples
CSS Inline-blockCSS AlignCSS CombinatorsCSS Pseudo-classCSS Pseudo-elementCSS OpacityCSS Navigation Bar
Navbar
Vertical Navbar
Horizontal Navbar
CSS DropdownsCSS Image GalleryCSS Image SpritesCSS Attr SelectorsCSS FormsCSS CountersCSS Website LayoutCSS UnitsCSS SpecificityCSS !important
More Examples
Example
Hide an element when the browser’s width is 600px wide or less:
@media screen and (max-width: 600px) { div.example { display:
none;
}}
Example
Use mediaqueries to set the background-color to lavender if the viewport is
800 pixels wide or wider, to lightgreen if the viewport is between 400 and 799 pixels wide.
If the viewport is smaller than 400 pixels, the background-color is lightblue:
body { background-color: lightblue;}@media screen and (min-width:
400px) { body {
background-color: lightgreen; }}@media
screen and (min-width: 800px) { body {
background-color: lavender; }}
Example
Create a responsive navigation menu (displayed horizontally on large screens and vertically on small screens):
@media screen and (max-width: 600px) { .topnav a {
float: none; width: 100%;
}}
Example
Use media queries to create a responsive column layout:
/* On screens that are 992px wide or less, go from four columns to two
columns */@media screen and (max-width: 992px) { .column {
width: 50%; }}/* On screens that are 600px wide or less, make the columns stack
on top of each other instead of next to each other */@media screen and (max-width:
600px) { .column { width: 100%;
}}
Example
Use media queries to create a responsive website:
Example
Media queries can also be used to change layout of a page depending on the
orientation of the browser. You can have a set of CSS properties that will only
apply when the browser window is wider than its height, a so called «Landscape»
orientation.
Use a lightblue background color if the orientation is in landscape mode:
@media only screen and (orientation:
landscape) { body {
background-color: lightblue; }}
Example
Use mediaqueries to set the text color to green when the document is
displayed on the screen, and to black when it is printed:
@media screen { body {
color: green; }}@media print { body { color: black;
}}
Example
Comma separated list: add an additional media query to an already existing one, using a comma (this will behave like an OR operator):
/* When the width is between 600px and 900px OR above 1100px — change the
appearance of <div> */@media screen and (max-width: 900px) and
(min-width: 600px), (min-width: 1100px) { div.example {
font-size: 50px; padding: 50px;
border: 8px solid black; background: yellow;
}}
Media Features
| Value | Description |
|---|---|
| any-hover | Does any available input mechanism allow the user to hover over elements? (added in Media Queries Level 4) |
| any-pointer | Is any available input mechanism a pointing device, and if so, how accurate is it? (added in Media Queries Level 4) |
| aspect-ratio | The ratio between the width and the height of the viewport |
| color | The number of bits per color component for the output device |
| color-gamut | The approximate range of colors that are supported by the user agent and output device (added in Media Queries Level 4) |
| color-index | The number of colors the device can display |
| grid | Whether the device is a grid or bitmap |
| height | The viewport height |
| hover | Does the primary input mechanism allow the user to hover over elements? (added in Media Queries Level 4) |
| inverted-colors | Is the browser or underlying OS inverting colors? (added in Media Queries Level 4) |
| light-level | Current ambient light level (added in Media Queries Level 4) |
| max-aspect-ratio | The maximum ratio between the width and the height of the display area |
| max-color | The maximum number of bits per color component for the output device |
| max-color-index | The maximum number of colors the device can display |
| max-height | The maximum height of the display area, such as a browser window |
| max-monochrome | The maximum number of bits per «color» on a monochrome (greyscale) device |
| max-resolution | The maximum resolution of the device, using dpi or dpcm |
| max-width | The maximum width of the display area, such as a browser window |
| min-aspect-ratio | The minimum ratio between the width and the height of the display area |
| min-color | The minimum number of bits per color component for the output device |
| min-color-index | The minimum number of colors the device can display |
| min-height | The minimum height of the display area, such as a browser window |
| min-monochrome | The minimum number of bits per «color» on a monochrome (greyscale) device |
| min-resolution | The minimum resolution of the device, using dpi or dpcm |
| min-width | The minimum width of the display area, such as a browser window |
| monochrome | The number of bits per «color» on a monochrome (greyscale) device |
| orientation | The orientation of the viewport (landscape or portrait mode) |
| overflow-block | How does the output device handle content that overflows the viewport along the block axis (added in Media Queries Level 4) |
| overflow-inline | Can content that overflows the viewport along the inline axis be scrolled (added in Media Queries Level 4) |
| pointer | Is the primary input mechanism a pointing device, and if so, how accurate is it? (added in Media Queries Level 4) |
| resolution | The resolution of the output device, using dpi or dpcm |
| scan | The scanning process of the output device |
| scripting | Is scripting (e.g. JavaScript) available? (added in Media Queries Level 4) |
| update | How quickly can the output device modify the appearance of the content (added in Media Queries Level 4) |
| width | The viewport width |
Что такое медиа-запрос?
Медиа-запрос — это способ контролировать представление контента. Он состоит из типа и минимум одного выражения, которое проверяет выполнение условий для указанных характеристик устройства.
Как уже было сказано, в настоящее время широко реализована поддержка двух типов: «screen» и «print«.
При наличии условных выражений контент может выводиться по-разному для различных типов устройств, без ущерба для содержимого.
Как определить медиа-запрос?
Простой медиа-запрос может быть определен в HTML следующим образом:
<link rel="stylesheet" media="print" href="myexample.css" />
В приведенном выше примере, мы указали, что для типа медиа «print» браузер пользователя должен использовать таблицу стилей myexample.css.
То же самое может быть объявлено как @import-правило в CSS:
@import url(myexample.css) print;
Когда браузер пользователя обрабатывает приведенный выше медиа-запрос, он определяет, текущий тип медиа — print или нет. Если да, то будет применяться таблица стилей «myexample.css«. Следовательно, вывод медиа-запросов можно организовать в зависимости от выполняемых условий.
Если тип устройств не задан или задано значение ‘all‘, то стили будут применяться для всех типов медиа.
Например:
<link rel="stylesheet" href="myexample.css" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="myexample.css" />
В приведенном выше примере, стили будет применяться как для типа ‘print‘, так и для типа ‘screen‘. Это эквивалентные объявления. Как и следующий CSS-код:
@media all { … }
@media { … }
Медиа-запросы могут быть объединены в сложные медиа-запросы:
<link rel="stylesheet" media="print, projection" href="myexample.css" />
Этот запрос также может быть объявлен следующим образом:
@media print, projection { … }
Медиа-запросы также поддерживают логическое выражение NOT, используя ключевое слово «NOT«:
<link rel="stylesheet" media="not print, screen" href="myexample.css" />
В приведенном выше примере мы указали, что стили не будут применяться к типу ‘print‘, а только к типу ‘screen‘.
Характеристики устройств, которые можно указать в медиа-запросах
- color;
- color-index;
- device-aspect-ratio;
- device-height;
- device-width;
- grid;
- height;
- monochrome;
- resolution;
- scan;
- width.
Завершение
Из этой статьи вы узнали о медиа-запросах CSS3. Я надеюсь, что вы нашли эту информацию полезной для себя.
Данная публикация является переводом статьи «Understanding CSS3 Media Queries» , подготовленная редакцией проекта.
Syntax
The media query syntax is described in terms of the CSS2 grammar. As such,
rules not defined here are defined in CSS2. The
production defined below replaces the
production from CSS2.
media_query_list
: S* * ]?
;
media_query
: ? S* media_type S* *
| expression *
;
media_type
: IDENT
;
expression
: '(' S* media_feature S* ? ')' S*
;
media_feature
: IDENT
;
COMMENT tokens, as defined by CSS2, do not occur in the grammar (to keep
it readable), but any number of these tokens may appear anywhere between
other tokens.
The following new definitions are introduced:
L l|\\0{0,4}(4c|6c)(\r\n|)?|\\l
Y y|\\0{0,4}(59|79)(\r\n|)?|\\y
The following new tokens are introduced:
{O}{N}{L}{Y} {return ONLY;}
{N}{O}{T} {return NOT;}
{A}{N}{D} {return AND;}
{num}{D}{P}{I} {return RESOLUTION;}
{num}{D}{P}{C}{M} {return RESOLUTION;}
is to be added to the CSS2
production.
CSS style sheets are generally case-insensitive, and this is also the
case for media queries.
In addition to conforming to the syntax, each media query needs to use
media types and media features according to their respective specification
in order to be considered conforming.
Only the first media query is conforming in the example below because
the «example» media type does not exist.
3.1. Error Handling
For media queries that are not conforming user agents need to follow the
rules described in this section.
-
Unknown media types. Unknown media types evaluate to
false. Effectively, they are treated identically to known media types
that do not match the media type of the device.The media query «» will evaluate to false, unless
is actually a supported media type. Similarly,
«» will evaluate to true.Unknown media types are distinct from media types that do
not actually match the IDENT production. Those fall under the malformed
media query clause. -
Unknown media features. User agents are to represent
a media query as «» when one of the specified media
features is not known.In this example, the first media query will be represented as
«» and evaluate to false and the second media query
is evaluated as if the first had not been specified, effectively.Is represented as «» because the ‘’ feature does not accept the
‘’ prefix. -
Unknown media feature values. As with unknown media
features, user agents are to represent a media query as «» when one of the specified media feature values is not known.The media query specifies an unknown
value for the ‘’ media feature
and is therefore represented as «».This media query is represented as «» because
negative lengths are not allowed for the ‘’ media feature: -
Malformed media query. User agents are to handle
unexpected tokens encountered while parsing a media query by reading
until the end of the media query, while observing of (), [], {}, «», and », and correctly
handling escapes. Media queries with unexpected tokens are represented
as «».The following is an malformed media query because having no space
between ‘’ and the expression is
not allowed. (That is reserved for the functional notation syntax.)Media queries are expected to follow the error handling rules of the
host language as well.… will not apply because the semicolon terminates the
rule in CSS.
CSS Tutorial
CSS HOMECSS IntroductionCSS SyntaxCSS SelectorsCSS How ToCSS CommentsCSS Colors
Colors
RGB
HEX
HSL
CSS Backgrounds
Background Color
Background Image
Background Repeat
Background Attachment
Background Shorthand
CSS Borders
Borders
Border Width
Border Color
Border Sides
Border Shorthand
Rounded Borders
CSS Margins
Margins
Margin Collapse
CSS PaddingCSS Height/WidthCSS Box ModelCSS Outline
Outline
Outline Width
Outline Color
Outline Shorthand
Outline Offset
CSS Text
Text Color
Text Alignment
Text Decoration
Text Transformation
Text Spacing
Text Shadow
CSS Fonts
Font Family
Font Web Safe
Font Fallbacks
Font Style
Font Size
Font Google
Font Pairings
Font Shorthand
CSS IconsCSS LinksCSS ListsCSS Tables
Table Borders
Table Size
Table Alignment
Table Style
Table Responsive
CSS DisplayCSS Max-widthCSS PositionCSS OverflowCSS Float
Float
Clear
Float Examples
CSS Inline-blockCSS AlignCSS CombinatorsCSS Pseudo-classCSS Pseudo-elementCSS OpacityCSS Navigation Bar
Navbar
Vertical Navbar
Horizontal Navbar
CSS DropdownsCSS Image GalleryCSS Image SpritesCSS Attr SelectorsCSS FormsCSS CountersCSS Website LayoutCSS UnitsCSS SpecificityCSS !important
CSS Syntax
@media not|only mediatype and (mediafeature and|or|not
mediafeature) { CSS-Code;}
meaning of the not, only and and keywords:
not: The not keyword inverts the meaning of an entire media
query.
only: The only keyword prevents older browsers that do not support media queries with media features from applying the specified styles.
It has no effect on modern browsers.
and: The and keyword combines a media feature with a media
type or other media features.
They are all optional. However, if you use not or
only, you must also specify a media type.
You can also have different stylesheets for different media, like
this:
<link rel=»stylesheet» media=»screen and (min-width:
900px)» href=»widescreen.css»><link rel=»stylesheet» media=»screen and (max-width:
600px)» href=»smallscreen.css»>….
Media Queries Simple Examples
One way to use media queries is to have an alternate CSS section right inside your style sheet.
The following example changes the background-color to lightgreen if the
viewport is 480 pixels wide or wider (if the viewport is less than
480 pixels, the background-color will be pink):
Example
@media screen and (min-width: 480px) { body {
background-color: lightgreen; }}
The following example shows a menu that will float to the left of the page if
the viewport is 480 pixels wide or wider (if the viewport is less than
480 pixels, the menu will be on top of the content):
Example
@media screen and (min-width: 480px) { #leftsidebar
{width: 200px; float: left;} #main
{margin-left: 216px;}}
CSS @media Reference
For a full overview of all the media types and features/expressions, please look at the
@media rule in our CSS reference.
❮ Previous
Next ❯
CSS Media Queries — More Examples
Let us look at some more examples of using media queries.
Media queries are a popular technique for delivering a tailored style sheet to different devices. To demonstrate a simple example, we can change the background color for different devices:
Example
/* Set the background color of body to tan */body {
background-color: tan;}/* On
screens that are 992px or less, set the background color to blue */@media
screen and (max-width: 992px) { body {
background-color: blue; }}/* On screens that are 600px or less,
set the
background color to olive */@media screen and (max-width: 600px) {
body { background-color: olive; }}
Do you wonder why we use exactly 992px and 600px? They are what we call «typical breakpoints» for devices. You can read more about typical breakpoints in our Responsive Web Design Tutorial.
CSS Advanced
CSS Rounded CornersCSS Border ImagesCSS BackgroundsCSS ColorsCSS Color KeywordsCSS Gradients
Linear Gradients
Radial Gradients
CSS Shadows
Shadow Effects
Box Shadow
CSS Text EffectsCSS Web FontsCSS 2D TransformsCSS 3D TransformsCSS TransitionsCSS AnimationsCSS TooltipsCSS Style ImagesCSS Image ReflectionCSS object-fitCSS object-positionCSS ButtonsCSS PaginationCSS Multiple ColumnsCSS User InterfaceCSS Variables
The var() Function
Overriding Variables
Variables and JavaScript
Variables in Media Queries
CSS Box SizingCSS Media QueriesCSS MQ ExamplesCSS Flexbox
CSS Flexbox
CSS Flex Container
CSS Flex Items
CSS Flex Responsive
References
Normative references
- Bert Bos; et al. Cascading Style
Sheets Level 2 Revision 1 (CSS 2.1) Specification. 7 June
2011. W3C Recommendation. URL: http://www.w3.org/TR/2011/REC-CSS2-20110607
Other references
- Dave Raggett; Arnaud Le Hors; Ian Jacobs. HTML 4.01
Specification. 24 December 1999. W3C Recommendation. URL: http://www.w3.org/TR/1999/REC-html401-19991224 - Ian Hickson. HTML5.
29 March 2012. W3C Working Draft. (Work in progress.) URL: http://www.w3.org/TR/2012/WD-html5-20120329/ - G. Klyne; L. McIntyre. Content Feature Schema
for Internet Fax. March 1999. Internet RFC 2531. URL: http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2531.txt - James Clark; Simon Pieters; Henry S. Thompson Associating Style Sheets
with XML documents 1.0 (Second Edition) 28 October 2010. W3C
Recommendation. URL: http://www.w3.org/TR/2010/REC-xml-stylesheet-20101028/
Media Query Syntax
A media query consists of a media type and can contain one or more
expressions, which resolve to either true or false.
@media not|only mediatype and (expressions) { CSS-Code;}
The result of the query is
true if the specified media type matches the type of device the document is
being displayed on and all expressions in the media query are true. When a media query is true, the corresponding style sheet or style rules are
applied, following the normal cascading rules.
Unless you use the not or only operators, the media type is optional and the
type will be implied.
You can also have different stylesheets for different media:
<link rel=»stylesheet» media=»mediatype and|not|only (expressions)»
href=»print.css»>
Abstract
HTML4 and CSS2 currently support media-dependent style sheets tailored
for different media types. For example, a document may use
sans-serif fonts when displayed on a screen and serif fonts when printed.
‘’ and ‘’ are two media types that have been defined.
Media queries extend the functionality of media types by allowing
more precise labeling of style sheets.
A media query consists of a media type and zero or more expressions that
check for the conditions of particular media features. Among the
media features that can be used in media queries are ‘’, ‘’, and ‘’. By using media queries, presentations can
be tailored to a specific range of output devices without changing the
content itself.
CSS Advanced
CSS Rounded CornersCSS Border ImagesCSS BackgroundsCSS ColorsCSS Color KeywordsCSS Gradients
Linear Gradients
Radial Gradients
CSS Shadows
Shadow Effects
Box Shadow
CSS Text EffectsCSS Web FontsCSS 2D TransformsCSS 3D TransformsCSS TransitionsCSS AnimationsCSS TooltipsCSS Style ImagesCSS Image ReflectionCSS object-fitCSS object-positionCSS ButtonsCSS PaginationCSS Multiple ColumnsCSS User InterfaceCSS Variables
The var() Function
Overriding Variables
Variables and JavaScript
Variables in Media Queries
CSS Box SizingCSS Media QueriesCSS MQ ExamplesCSS Flexbox
CSS Flexbox
CSS Flex Container
CSS Flex Items
CSS Flex Responsive
Ориентир на настольные ПК и max-width
Большая часть разработчиков до сих пор ориентируется только на пользователей ПК. Часто осознание ситуации приходит, когда становится ясно, сколько сил было потрачено впустую на компоненты для ПК, которые все реже востребованы из-за растущего числа мобильных пользователей. При анализе стилей подобных сайтов чаще всего встречается CSS media max width.
Если дизайн разрабатывался в первую очередь под настольные ПК, значит весь CSS должен быть насыщен объемным кодом для других ключевых точек (breakpoints). Если определенная ширина, заданная для ПК, является точкой отсчета, и мы не станем изменять и переписывать наш CSS, то вполне логично будет поменять в базовых стилях значения ширины окна просмотра на те, которые мы собираемся применять к экранам меньшего размера.
Вот пример, которым я часто пользуюсь (предполагая, что .related принимает форму боковой панели):
.content {
width: 60%;
}
.related {
width: 40%;
}
@media screen and (max-width: 37.4em) {
.content,
.related {
width: 100%;
}
}
Такой подход при использовании со множеством компонентов может существенно увеличить объем CSS завершенного проекта. Но так как блочные элементы по умолчанию занимают 100% ширины родительского элемента, то разумнее было бы прописать все следующим образом:
@media screen and (min-width: 37.5em) {
.content {
width: 60%;
}
.related {
width: 40%;
}
}
Здесь мы используем стандартное положение блочных элементов, и перекрываем их, когда это состояние требуется изменить. Чтобы лучше понять суть всего сказанного, нужно изучить рабочий код таких сайтов.
Media Queries For Menus
In this example, we use media queries to create a responsive navigation menu, that varies
in design on different screen sizes.
Large screens:
Home
Link 1
Link 2
Link 3
Small screens:
Home
Link 1
Link 2
Link 3
Example
/* The navbar container */.topnav { overflow: hidden;
background-color: #333;}/* Navbar links */.topnav a { float:
left; display: block; color:
white; text-align: center; padding: 14px 16px;
text-decoration: none;}
/* On screens that are 600px wide or less, make the menu links stack on top
of each other instead of next to each other */@media screen and (max-width: 600px) {
.topnav a { float: none; width:
100%; }}
Media Queries Simple Examples
One way to use media queries is to have an alternate CSS section right inside your style sheet.
The following example changes the background-color to lightgreen if the
viewport is 480 pixels wide or wider (if the viewport is less than
480 pixels, the background-color will be pink):
Example
@media screen and (min-width: 480px) { body {
background-color: lightgreen; }}
The following example shows a menu that will float to the left of the page if
the viewport is 480 pixels wide or wider (if the viewport is less than
480 pixels, the menu will be on top of the content):
Example
@media screen and (min-width: 480px) { #leftsidebar
{width: 200px; float: left;} #main
{margin-left: 216px;}}
CSS @media Reference
For a full overview of all the media types and features/expressions, please look at the
@media rule in our CSS reference.
❮ Previous
Next ❯
CSS Advanced
CSS Rounded CornersCSS Border ImagesCSS BackgroundsCSS ColorsCSS Color KeywordsCSS Gradients
Linear Gradients
Radial Gradients
CSS Shadows
Shadow Effects
Box Shadow
CSS Text EffectsCSS Web FontsCSS 2D TransformsCSS 3D TransformsCSS TransitionsCSS AnimationsCSS TooltipsCSS Style ImagesCSS Image ReflectionCSS object-fitCSS object-positionCSS ButtonsCSS PaginationCSS Multiple ColumnsCSS User InterfaceCSS Variables
The var() Function
Overriding Variables
Variables and JavaScript
Variables in Media Queries
CSS Box SizingCSS Media QueriesCSS MQ ExamplesCSS Flexbox
CSS Flexbox
CSS Flex Container
CSS Flex Items
CSS Flex Responsive
Min Width to Max Width
You can also use the values to set a minimum width and a maximum width.
For example, when the browser’s width is between 600 and 900px, change the
appearance of a <div> element:
Example
@media screen and (max-width: 900px) and (min-width: 600px) { div.example {
font-size: 50px; padding: 50px;
border: 8px solid black; background: yellow; }}
Using an additional value: In the example below, we add an additional media query to our already
existing one using a comma (this will behave like an OR operator):
Example
/* When the width is between 600px and 900px OR above 1100px
— change the appearance of <div> */@media screen and (max-width: 900px) and (min-width:
600px), (min-width:
1100px) { div.example {
font-size: 50px; padding: 50px;
border: 8px solid black; background: yellow; }}
CSS Advanced
CSS Rounded CornersCSS Border ImagesCSS BackgroundsCSS ColorsCSS Color KeywordsCSS Gradients
Linear Gradients
Radial Gradients
CSS Shadows
Shadow Effects
Box Shadow
CSS Text EffectsCSS Web FontsCSS 2D TransformsCSS 3D TransformsCSS TransitionsCSS AnimationsCSS TooltipsCSS Style ImagesCSS Image ReflectionCSS object-fitCSS object-positionCSS ButtonsCSS PaginationCSS Multiple ColumnsCSS User InterfaceCSS Variables
The var() Function
Overriding Variables
Variables and JavaScript
Variables in Media Queries
CSS Box SizingCSS Media QueriesCSS MQ ExamplesCSS Flexbox
CSS Flexbox
CSS Flex Container
CSS Flex Items
CSS Flex Responsive
CSS Tutorial
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